Better Bananas – Page 13

Resistance to current post-harvest chemical trials

Posted on 2018-02-03 by Better Bananas

Resistance to current post-harvest chemical trials

Lab testing used to indicate whether a fungal organism has developed resistance to a particular post-harvest fungicide is commonly termed ‘sensitivity testing’. Sensitivity testing has been carried out on the two registered post-harvest products (prochloraz – Protak® and thiabendazole – Tecto®), against each of the four fungi known to be responsible for causing crown end rot (Fusarium spp., Colletotrichum musae, Musicillium theobromae and Thielaviopsis musarum, commonly known as Chalara).

The fungal organisms listed above were collected from both Cavendish and Lady Finger fruit and from different growing regions including the coastal production area of Far North Queensland, the Atherton Tablelands and northern New South Wales. Where possible the fungi were also sourced from fruit that had not been exposed to commercial management practices (backyard production) in order to provide a suitable comparison.

These results show that it may be necessary to change your post-harvest treatment products, depending on the organism/s you are having issues with and the location of your farm.

If you would like more information on this trial contact the better bananas team at betterbananas@daf.qld.gov.au or 13 25 23.

This work is funded as part of the Cause and management of crown rot of banana project (BA13011). This project is funded by Hort Innovation, using the banana research and development levy, co-investment from the Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries and contributions from the Australian Government. Hort Innovation is the grower-owned, not-for-profit research and development corporation for Australian horticulture.

Dans test with new post template

Posted on 2018-02-01 by Better Bananas

Recognition of Agrobaterium by the plant

“To initiate the tumorous state, cells of Agrobacterium must first attach to a wound site on the plant. Molecular evidence suggests that the recognition of Agrobacterium by plant tissue involves complementary receptor molecules on the surfaces of the bacterial and plant cells. It is though that the plant receptor molecule is a type of pectin and that the bacterial receptor is a type of plysaccaride containing Beta-glucans.”

(Brock and Maddigan 1991)

Time in supply chain studies

Posted on 2018-01-31 by Better Bananas

Time in supply chain studies

The length of time bananas spend in the supply chain can have a significant impact on the development of crown end rot (CER).
Researchers conducted a simulation experiment, where Cavendish (Williams) and Lady Finger clusters were held 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks prior to being ripened. The fruit for the experiments was sourced from a commercial property and all fruit was treated with a post-harvest chemical (prochloraz). To ensure a fair comparison, fruit from different positions in the bunch (top, middle and bottom hands) were assessed in case this was also a contributing factor. Once the fruit was ripened, the symptom development of CER was rated on a scale of 0-7 (7 being the most severe).

As seen in the graph below, the experiment with Cavendish fruit revealed fruit held longer within the supply chain resulted in relatively more severe symptoms of CER than fruit that would generally move through quicker. However, the overall symptom development was low as you can see in the graph below.

As seen in the figure below, the simulation experiment using Lady Fingers showed similar results to Cavendish fruit in that fruit held for longer prior to ripening produced more severe symptoms of CER. However the overall symptom development was low as you can see in the graph below.

If you would like more information on this trial contact the better bananas team at betterbananas@daf.qld.gov.au or 13 25 23.

This work is funded as part of the Cause and management of crown rot of banana project (BA13011). This project is funded by Hort Innovation, using the banana research and development levy, co-investment from the Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries and contributions from the Australian Government. Hort Innovation is the grower-owned, not-for-profit research and development corporation for Australian horticulture.

Crown end rot

Posted on 2018-01-18 by Better Bananas

What is it?

Crown end rot (CER) of bananas is a serious cause of post-harvest quality loss for banana fruit. As the name suggests, the rot begins at the cut surface of the crown, and depending on the severity, can extend down the neck of the fruit and into the fingers. There are several fungi that can cause CER symptoms and the visual appearance of those symptoms may indicate what fungal organism is responsible. However, multiple fungi can simultaneously cause symptoms, so it can be difficult to distinguish the difference with the naked eye.

The following fungi can cause crown end rot in bananas:

Fusarium equiseti-incarnatum species complex

Musicillium theobromae

Colletotrichum musae

Thielaviopsis musarum (commonly known as Chalara).

More info...

Click here for more information and photos of the symptoms typically associated with each fungal organisms.

How do you manage crown end rot?

Currently, the most effective management strategy for CER is the application of post-harvest fungicides. Products containing thiabendazole (e.g. Tecto®) and prochloraz (e.g. Protak®) are registered for post-harvest use in bananas.

Recent research has indicated that some of the organisms that cause CER are less sensitive to thiabendazole based products, particularly in the coastal regions of Far North Queensland. These organisms remain more sensitive to products containing prochloraz. Simulation studies have also shown that the longer banana fruit is held in the supply chain before ripening, the greater the risk of developing more severe symptoms of CER. Research has also investigated alternative post-harvest products.

See below for more information on this research.

More info...

This work is funded as part of the Cause and management of crown rot of banana project (BA13011). This project is funded by Hort Innovation, using the banana research and development levy, co-investment from the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries and contributions from the Australian Government. Hort Innovation is the grower-owned, non-for-profit research and development corporation for Australian horticulture.

Tattered or holey leaves

Posted on 2018-01-17 by Better Bananas

Tattered or holey leaves

Greyback cane beetle

Cause: Feeding by adults of Dermolepida albohirtum. Damage is seldom severe, but extensive feeding on older leaves of bunched plants can lead to sunburnt fruit.

Solution: There are no recommended foliar chemical treatments as these will interfere with biological control and will result in serious mite infestation. This will be more damaging and costly than greyback cane beetle damage.

Swarming leaf beetles

Cause: Leaf feeding of large numbers of adult Monolepta australis or Rhyparida spp. beetles. They swarm in spring and summer.

Solution: Damage is sporadic and no specific treatment is required.

Cluster caterpillar

Cause: Young larvae of Spodoptera litura feeding in groups on either the top or bottom of leaves, leaving the opposite side intact. Large larvae are solitary.

Solution: Damage is sporadic and most often concentrated on the tender leaves of plant crops. Fruit damage is usually restricted to a few isolated bunches and seldom requires specific treatment.

Banana skipper

Biosecurity Alert

Cause: Larvae of Erionota thrax feed on the leaf blade and strip and roll it to form a shelter in which the larva develops. In heavy infestations, the entire leaf lamina is destroyed, leaving only the midrib.

Biosecurity: This leaf pest has not been found in Australia or Torres Strait Islands but is well established in Papua New Guinea. It is widely distributed throughout China, India, South East Asia, Mauritius and Hawaii. Report all suspicious outbreaks to Biosecurity Queensland immediately (13 25 23).

Grasshopper

Cause: Feeding by grasshoppers Valanga spp.

Solution: The damage is mostly cosmetic as plants will rapidly compensate for any leaf loss. It is usually only a problem on young plants, especially on new plant crops. No treatment is required.

Wind

Cause: Strong winds tearing the leaf lamina.

Solution: Retaining existing vegetation or planting specific windbreak trees can reduce the damage caused by strong winds.

Discoloured leaf petioles

Posted on 2018-01-17 by Better Bananas

Discoloured leaf petioles

Banana streak virus

Cause: The banana streak virus (BSV).

Solution: Do not take planting material from infected plants. Eradicate infected plants where symptoms are observed.

Banana bunchy top

Biosecurity Alert!

Cause: The banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) which is spread on infected planting material and by the banana aphid, Pentalonia nigronervosa. BBTV is not present in tropical Australia, and movement of planting material is controlled by legislation.

Solution: There is no cure for this disease and all infected plants must be eradicated.

Reporting: Under state legislation, banana bunchy top disease must be reported. If you have seen plants with banana bunchy top symptoms within the Southern Queensland banana biosecurity zone, or the NSW Banana Bunchy Top Virus Control Zone contact the Banana Bunchy Top Hotline on 1800 068 371.

If you have seen banana bunchy top outside of these areas, you must report it within 24 hours to the Biosecurity authority in your state (Biosecurity Queensland on 13 25 23, or NSW DPI Biosecurity Hotline 1800 680 244) or the Exotic Plant Pest Hotline on 1800 084 881.

More Information:
Australian Banana Growers Council
Better Bananas
Department of Agriculture and Fisheries
NSW Department of Primary Industries
Plant Health Australia

Nitrogen deficiency

Cause: Insufficient nitrogen available for the plant due to inadequate fertiliser applications or leaching and gaseous loss of the nitrogen fertiliser applied.

Solution: Appropriate application of nitrogen fertiliser. You need to know your soil type, climate, past fertiliser program, and soil and leaf analysis results when determining the fertiliser rate.

Yellow leaves

Posted on 2018-01-17 by Better Bananas

Yellow leaves

Banana bunchy top

Biosecurity Alert!

Cause: The banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) which is spread on infected planting material and by the banana aphid (Pentalonia nigronervosa). BBTV is not present in tropical Australia, and movement of planting material is controlled by legislation.

Solution: There is no cure for this disease and all infected plants must be eradicated.

Reporting: Under state legislation, banana bunchy top disease must be reported. If you have seen plants with banana bunchy top symptoms within the Southern Queensland banana biosecurity zone, or the NSW Banana Bunchy Top Virus Control Zone contact the Banana Bunchy Top Hotline on 1800 068 371.

If you have seen banana bunchy top outside of these areas, you must report it within 24 hours to the Biosecurity authority in your state (Biosecurity Queensland on 13 25 23, or NSW DPI Biosecurity Hotline 1800 680 244) or the Exotic Plant Pest Hotline on 1800 084 881.

More information:

Nitrogen deficiency

Cause: Insufficient nitrogen available for the plant due to inadequate fertiliser applications or leaching and gaseous loss of the nitrogen fertiliser applied.

Solution: Appropriate application of nitrogen fertiliser. You need to know your soil type, climate, past fertiliser program, and soil and leaf analysis results when determining the fertiliser rate.

Potassium deficiency

Cause: Reduced availability of potassium for plant uptake. Enhanced by leaching losses of potassium and/or inappropriate fertilisation.

Solution: Appropriate application of potassium fertiliser. Knowledge of your soil type, climate, past fertiliser program, and soil and leaf analyses need to be considered in determining fertiliser rate.

Magnesium deficiency

Cause: Reduced availability of magnesium for plant update. Usually due to inappropriate fertilisation causing an imbalance.

Solution: Appropriate application of magnesium fertiliser. Knowledge of your soil type, climate, past fertiliser program, and soil and leaf analyses all need to be considered in determining fertiliser rate.

Water-logging

Cause: Poor soil aeration which reduces root function and leads to water and nutrient stress.

Solution: Depends on soil type and situation but usually involves surface and subsurface drainage works.

Panama disease (Fusarium wilt)

Biosecurity Alert

Cause: The fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense which is a soil-borne organism. It is spread in water, soil and planting material. It enters the plant through the roots, and blocks the conducting tissue within the plant resulting in wilting, yellowing of leaves, splitting of pseudostem and death of the plant.

Solution: There is no cure for affected plants. Use only approved planting material and do not plant in previously infested areas.

Biosecurity obligation: Panama is a notifiable disease and you must report any suspicious plants. If you suspect Panama disease you must notify Biosecurity Queensland immediately (13 25 23).

More info:

Bacterial corm rot

Cause: The bacteria Pectobacterium spp. (formerly known as Erwinia spp.) which are widespread in most soils. Plants that are stressed from heat or lack of water during the dry season can succumb to bacterial invasion during the early part of the wet season.

Solution: There is no cure for infected plants. Avoid stress conditions. Ensure adequate moisture levels are maintained during the dry season.

Spots on leaves

Posted on 2018-01-17 by Better Bananas

Spots on leaves

Leaf spot (yellow Sigatoka)

Cause: The fungus Pseudocercospora musae (formerly known as Mycosphaerella musicola). Early stages of development appears as light yellow streaks 1 to 2 mm long. Streaks enlarge in time to become spots.

Solution: Ensure the leaf spot management program is carried out effectively. The program should include cultural (deleafing, drainage) and chemical (fungicides, oils, application timing, coverage) practices.

More info:

Black Sigatoka

Biosecurity Alert

Cause: The fungus Pseudocercospora fijiensis (formerly known as Mycosphaerella fijiensis). In the early stages of development, black Sigatoka appears as rusty red streaks up to 5 to 15mm. These symptoms are more obvious on the underside of leaves. Streaks enlarge over time to become spots.

Solution: If you suspect black Sigatoka you must notify Biosecurity Queensland immediately (13 25 23). It is a notifiable disease and you must report any suspicious plants.

Biosecurity: Importation of all banana material (fruit, leaves, planting material) is prohibited without approval. A biological barrier is now established, reducing the number of susceptible bananas between the Torres Strait/Papua New Guinea, where the disease exists and the Far North Queensland banana production areas.

More info:

Leaf speckle

Cause: Several fungi including Mycosphaerella musae (banana leaf speckle or common speckle), and Ramichloridium spp. (tropical leaf speckle) can produce a range of symptoms. These fungi are spread by wind in moist weather and are more tolerant of cool conditions than the leaf spot fungus.

Solution: The leaf spot management program normally provides control of speckle. If better control is needed, apply fungicides by ground rig which targets the underside of leaves.

Cordana leaf spot

Cause: The fungus Neocordana musae. Large numbers of spores produced on the underside of lesions are spread during wet windy weather. The fungus mainly enters the leaf through injuries. It is common on plants weakened as a result of water-logging or drought.

Solution: The leaf spot program provides adequate management of cordana leaf spot.

Southern cordana leaf spot

Cause: The fungus Cordana johnstonii. This disease is present in the tropics and distribution is limited. It is frequently seen on unsprayed Ducasse plants, and in areas of high elevation under cooler weather conditions. Lesion size is significantly smaller than Cordana musae, approximately 10 by 15 mm. As with Cordana musae, spores form abundantly on the underside of leaves on mature lesions.

Solution: The leaf spot control program should manage this disease.

Banana rust

Cause: The fungus Uredo musae. A disease with limited distribution, it is seen within plantations near tree lines and buildings which reduce spray coverage. Banana rust occurs predominantly on older leaves. Therefore fungicide applications should be applied via ground rig.

Solution: The leaf spot program should provide adequate management of rust.

Herbicide drift

Cause: Spray drift of contact herbicides such as paraquat onto the plant.

Solution: Avoid spray drift onto leaves. Affected plants should grow out of the symptoms.

Mite damage

Cause: Feeding by the banana spider mite, Tetranychus lambi, or the two-spotted mite, Tetranychus urticae, causes tissue to die, resulting in bronzed areas under leaves.

Solution: Treatment is usually not necessary because predatory beetles Stethorus spp. maintain adequate natural control. If these beetles are not present and monitoring results show the level of damage is severe, treat with an appropriate miticide. Ensure adequate coverage to the underside of leaves.

More info:

Transparent scale

Cause: The scale insect Aspidiotus destructor sucking nutrients from the leaf cells.

Solution: Natural predation by beetles, parasitism by wasps and oil sprays used for leaf spot help to suppress scale. For small outbreaks, cut off affected leaves. Avoid the use of foliar sprays that will interfere with natural control agents. Specific insecticide treatments are not recommended or required.

Spiralling whitefly

Biosecurity Alert

Cause: The insect spiralling whitefly (Aleurodicus dispersus). The white adults and nymphs occur on the underside of the leaf. The name comes from the white trail in which the eggs are laid. Its sap-sucking reduces vigour, and the production of honeydew supports the growth of sooty mould which can cover fruit and leaves.

Biosecurity: Report all suspicious symptoms immediately to Biosecurity Queensland (13 25 23)

More info:

Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries

Curled or distorted leaves

Posted on 2018-01-17 by Better Bananas

Curled or distorted leaves

Spike leaf

Cause: A temporary shortage of calcium caused by rapid growth. Most common in spring and early summer.

Solution: Avoid sudden bursts of growth by using regular, light fertiliser applications. A foliar application of calcium nitrate at 10 g/L in early spring will reduce the problem.

2,4-D damage

Cause: Spray drift of 2,4-D onto green parts of the plant.

Solution: Take efforts to avoid spray drift onto leaves. Plants should grow out of it.

Tissue-cultured off-type

Cause: A genetic abnormality that occurs in tissue-cultured plants.

Solution: Destroy affected plants and set additional following suckers on nearby plants.

Banana streak virus

Cause: The banana streak virus (BSV). The streaks or flecks on leaves become progressively darker with age and the leaves may die. Symptom expression is sporadic. Symptoms of cucumber mosaic are similar.

Solution: Do not take planting material from infected plants. Eradicate infected plants where symptoms are observed.

Leaves with dead edges or patches

Posted on 2018-01-17 by Better Bananas

Leaves with dead edges or patches

Manganese toxicity (dead patches)

Cause: Excess manganese in the plant due to the presence of manganese nodules in the soil profile and water-logging.

Solution: Confirm the diagnosis with a leaf analysis. Improve soil drainage and soil structure. Avoid planting bananas in poorly drained soils.

Salt toxicity (dead edges)

Cause: A build-up of salt in the plant from high soil or water salinity.

Solution: Confirm the diagnosis with tissue or water analysis. Water heavily to leach salt out of the root zone. Seek alternative sources of water. Avoid excessive applications of fertilisers containing chloride.

Mites (dead edges)

Cause: Feeding of the banana spider mite Tetranychus lambi, or the two-spotted mite, Tetranychus urticae on the underside of leaves. Severe outbreaks are usually the result of poor insecticide management which has destroyed beneficial insects.